四级八级复习指导－欧洲文化入门四.doc

四级八级复习指导－欧洲文化入门四 Lecture Four The Middle Ages 1. A General Survey of the Middle Ages (1). The Definition of Middle Ages: 91★ ★ ★ n Middle Ages: The period in European history between the collapse of Rome and the Renaissance, from 476 CE to about 1450. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. n It is also known as the medieval period, and as the Dark Ages. As during the Middle times there was no central government to keep the order, and the Christian church shaped people’s ideas and lives by taking the lead in politics, law, art, and learning of Europe, it is also called “Age of Faith.” Organization of Church: 95-6 n Pope of the Roman Catholic Church罗马教皇、教宗 n ↓ n Archbishops大主教、红衣主教（province ） n ↓ n Bishops主教（主教管区diocese） n ↓ n Priests牧师、教士（堂区parish， part of a diocese） n ↓ n Lay member of church 非神职人员 (2). Emergence of Nations in Middle Ages n Qin Han dynasties →the Huns westward→ barbarian Germanic tribes, such as the Angles, Saxons, Franks, Visigoths and Vandals, crossed the Danube river into the territory of the Roman Empire →establishment of many Germanic kingdoms, which developed into nations as England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. n Between 5-11 centuries, Europe suffered frequent wars and invasions. Political unity (that of Roman Empire) gave way to widespread destruction and confusion. There was no central government, and it was Christian church that seemed to unite Europe and kept the order. (3). New Institutions of Europe ★ ★ ★ n In the isolation and chaos of the 9th and 10th centuries, European leaders no longer attempted to restore Roman institutions, but adopted whatever would work. The result was that Europe developed a relatively new and effective set of institutions. The most well-known of the institutions were manorialism (the organization of the peasants庄园制度), monasticism (the organization of the churchmen修道院制度), and feudalism (the institution of the aristocracy封建制度). 2. Feudalism ★ ★ ★ n The term feudalism