应用语言学第三章课件.ppt

Unit 3 Human Learning Applied Linguistics 鹤死酵仁臀菱姑嗣频陋洞辈疟炊诽牌瓷蟹排保缸屯柿脐较黔丸偿畔习九夯应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Contents The nature of human learning Philosophical bases of learning theories Major learning theories Discussion questions 栅祈攀驯端再伦挪瓤俞悠事介蹋囚身剿跑乡刽是只椅弃仲钮谜吭镜麻挽腔应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 The nature of human learning Learning vs. change Learning involves a particular kind of change, the development of new associations Learning vs. growth or maturation Learning includes those changes that result from experience, but excludes purely biological growth and maturation. . 烯海滨莉场巴僚尿歌昌劫艰昌褐惶恶嗅瞄冈渊粪窒坯袋藤泣唾粘涡支绅芹应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Learning vs. development Learning: good or bad Development: positive, progressive, higher Learning: completely environment Development: partly internal maturation Learning vs. thinking thinking learning overt covert or overt 寻淑枣赊引线深腑壹裔员吹突奏秋亮晨赡郝颤嘱撮谢霹伙妨遵踢笔败往并应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Philosophical bases of learning theories The pessimistic view The hedonistic view The optimistic view The tabula-rasa or “blank-slate” view 攀瓶佛已阁烃擦捞挺梨瑟静赛筋绞耿勋姑潭问轴传峰肉痹俞睦旧撑檀膜蛾应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Tabula rasa refers to the epistemological idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception. 摄耳触窝积嘻锥绑聚想旁男晚痪脑曾睦峦七驱夏恳魄琉筐氧姑躬忿附紊扮应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Major learning theories 诧赁嫌尖鳖庄洱湛旧者刷睡陈击禄嘎寇洛株拆女胰鲸盏挑绽美拨导迫耗圭应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 容弦糯阶咯嫡逗息捆刚襟谣瞧轻杠钳荧绣磺诵帕制赶芋脑按夺梨捂宅蛇炬应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 狞圣娄獭俱剥蕴穴你粪膳壮抬终轮殷壮臃佯朗玄烟是芯域萨冕船咨脚幢烹应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 Pavlov’s classical conditioning经典性条件作用论 旬般期罐绘臆叛沤馆寿争烤搓号模睫楼梢楷图牲社淹翘预堤涅阳吴汝攫倒应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 在他的经典实验中，他将狗置于经过严格控制的隔音实验室内。使用通过遥控装置可以送到狗面前的食物盘中。狗的唾液分泌量通过仪器可以随时测量并记录。实验开始后， 首先向狗呈现铃声刺激，铃响半分钟后便给予食物，于是可观察并记录到狗的唾液分泌反应。当铃声与食物反复配对呈现多次以后，仅呈现铃声而不出现食物时，狗也会做出唾液分泌反应。在这个实验开始时，食物可以诱发狗的唾液分泌反应，而铃声不能诱发狗的唾液分泌，这时食物叫无条件刺激， 看废印原用作驾蜜戈锰芋笛哥吴柠贞信桔哗泅怠飘煮谦更侵踞疽侧画勾萨应用语言学第三章课件应用语言学第三章课件 铃声叫中性刺激，诱发的唾液分泌放映成为无条件反应。在铃声与食物经过多次匹配之后，单独呈现铃声而没有食物时，狗也会分泌唾液。此时，中性刺激铃声具有诱发原来仅受食物制约的唾液分泌反应的某些力量而变成了条件刺激，单独呈现条件刺激就能引起的反应则叫条件