2011语言学第二章课件.ppt

Phonetics Phonology;1. How speech sounds in a given language are articulated or produced? (phonetics) 2. Why certain sounds are more frequently used than others? (phonetics);Phonetics is the science which studies the production, transmission and reception of the sounds of human speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. A. Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) B. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) C. Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) ;; Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sound pattern and function in one or more languages. The sounds are organized into a system of contrasts, which are analyzed in terms of phonemes, distinctive features, or other such phonological units.;;Phonology;;Phonetics;Speech organs;2. The IPA---to record all the sounds in languages;;;3. The phonetic Description of the Consonants (P.29) According to the methods of articulation, sounds in a given language have been divided into different categories. Consonants vowels;3.1 Consonants A. The actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. “Manners of Articulation” B. Where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. “ Places of Articulation”;“Manners of Articulation”;;;;“ Places of Articulation”;;4. Vowels and Cardinal Vowel System P.46;;;;;;Cardinal Vowels ;Features;; ;schwa; Consonants in English ;RP: Received Pronunciation;RP: British Received PronunciationThe history;A.C. Gimson: (1980) Jone’s definition of RP is no longer valid. RP: retaining its underlying South-Eastern English Characteristics, is applicable to a wider sample of contemporary speaker, especially those of the middle generations. E.g. Australia long accomplish ;Main types of British RP ;;;;;Result;;中外学生外语元音学习分析?;五、中国学生学习外语的元音发音;英语元音格局图;; 中国学生所发的英语元音与汉语元音声位图对比;格局框架并不呈现英语元音格局等腰钝角或钝角三角形的形状，而是等边三角形形状 顶点/? /的位置与英语格局中的位置接近；顶点 /? /与其在英语格局中的位置相比靠下，/u /趋后 ，格