第6单元transportation课后答案.doc

Unit 6 Transportation Text A Tackling those traffic jams ? win-win transportation solutions Todd Litman Background Information Sustainability in transportation: During the last two decades, sustainability has become the dominant concern of transportation planners and policymakers. Sustainability in transportation means the development of systems that move people and products efficiently while minimizing damage to the local and global environment. Many transportation experts have offered comprehensive perspectives on the problems surrounding current transportation systems: climate change, urban air pollution, diminishing petroleum reserves, safety issue, and congestion. Nowadays the full range of possible solutions are being explored by transportation planners. These solutions include applications of pricing, planning, policy, education, and technology. About the author: This article is written by Todd Litman, the executive director of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, an organization dedicated to developing innovative tools for transportation decision making. Todd Litman has worked on many studies which evaluate the full costs and benefits of alternative transportation policies and investments. He has also developed transportation demand management and parking management strategies and programs. His research has been used worldwide for transportation planning and policy analysis. He has written numerous papers, articles and reports concerning transportation cost and benefit analysis. Recently, he was awarded a research fellowship by the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. He also teaches a course in transportation and land use planning at the University of Victoria. Pay-As-You-Drive: Pay-As-You-Drive (or PAYD) is a type of automobile insurance whereby the costs of motor insurance are dependent upon type of vehicle used, measured against Time, Distance and Place. Language Points Para. [4]: fuel-efficient vehicles Fuel-efficient vehicles refer to the vehicles t