早期陶器煮粥酿酒与社会复杂化的发展-中国考古.PDF

早期陶器、煮粥、酿酒与社会复杂化的发展 刘 莉 美国斯坦福大学 Abstract：CeramicvesseltechnologyhadtwoindependentoriginsintheOldWorld:EastAsiaandsub- SaharanAfrica.TheearliestceramicsfromAfricawereprobablyusedforboilingwildmilletandsorghum, andalongtraditionofceramicsusedforcookingporridgeandbrewingmillet/sorghumbeerwasdeveloped.A typicalceramicformforbeerbrewingistheglobularpot.InEastAsia,theearliestceramicvesselsinthelate PleistoceneandtheearlyHolocenemayhavebeenusedforcookingfish,shellfish,andwildplants,suchas makingporridge.InChina,duringtheearlyNeolithic,globularpots （hu）becamewidelydistributed,and someofthemwereusedformakingfermentedbeverages;therefore,makingalcoholicbeveragesmayhave beenawidespreadpracticethen.DuringthemiddleNeolithic,twobroadlydefinedregionalceramictraditions areobservable.Intheeast,ceramicvesselsshowgreatvarietiesinform,representedbydrinkingvessels （e. g., gaobingbei gobletsand gui pitchers）.Inthewest,theYangshaoculturepotteryvesselsarerathersimple inform,representedbyjiandiping amphora.Somejiandiping wereusedforfermentationofbeer,andserved as drinking vessels for communal siphoning. The western-style communal drinking tradition, which emphasizedgroupsolidarityandallianceforming,disappearedaftertheYangshaoculture.Ontheotherhand, theeastern-styleindividualizeddrinkingtradition,whichhelpedtoelaboratepersonalstatusandestablish 物 文 原 中 socialhierarchy,becameacrucialpartoftheritualtraditioninChina. Keywords：Ceramicfunction,jiandiping amphora,siphoning,beer,feasting C U L T U 摘要：在旧大陆，陶器的起源独立发生在两个地区：非洲撒哈拉沙漠南部和东亚地区。非洲最早的陶器与利 R A L 用野生粟和高粱煮粥的生计方式有关。这种炊煮方式发展为酿造谷芽酒的传统，典型的酿酒器是鼓腹陶罐。 R E L 在东亚地区，更新世晚期和全新世早期的陶器与利用水生动物和用野生植物煮粥有关。在中国，新石器早期 I C S 小口鼓腹壶成为常见的器型，有些用来酿酒，说明此时利用谷物酿酒可能已是黄河及长江流域的普遍现象。