SLIDES_RK_10_2007课件.ppt

policy approaches for innovation;Innovation is many things;Innovation is created in distributed systems of knowledge and its success depends on economic frame conditions and many other factors not under the control of the innovator;Rationale for innovation policy: market failure;System failures refer to inappropriate infrastructure of knowledge, poor capabilities to adapt, institutional barriers and lock-in Here it is not so much the divergence between private benefits and social benefits but the innovation system itself that is a hindering factors, by being insufficient developed for certain types of innovation ;Smith (2000) distinguishes the following forms of system failure: Infrastructure problems about inadequacies in the physical infrastructure (transport, etc), the scientific infrastructure (high-quality universities and research labs, technical institutes, etc) and the network infrastructure (IT, telecom). Transition problems: difficulties that arise when firms and other actors encounter technological problems or face changes in the prevailing technological paradigms that exceed their current capabilities. Lock-in problems derived from the socio-technological inertia Hard and soft institutional problems linked to formal rules (regulations, laws) as well as more informal and tacit ones (social and political culture for instance). ;Because of the many factors shaping innovation;Government policy and sustainable innovation in the Netherlands;There has been a shift towards more integrated approaches;Long term programming;Long term programming;The Dutch “transition approach”;Top-down elements;Improving the innovation system;Technology-specific innovation systems (TIS);Key processes (functions) of TIS;Niche policies;Strategic niche management?;What is SNM? SNM is a method for introducing new technologies in society, which relies on the real use of new technologies in selected settings (niches). The niches consist of selected domains of application in which the t