The Seventeenth Century课件.ppt

The 17th Century;In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.;The 17th century saw the intense political struggle, shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France, which marked the growth of modern state power.;The triumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism经院哲学and brought about modern philosophy, which was materialism in nature. ;“The modern world, so far as mental outlook 思想见解is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.” ---- Bertrand Russell;Scientific Revolution;Began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century;At the beginning of the century, science was highly Aristotelian;Forerunners of Modern Science;Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543);Copernicus’s hypothesis;General introduction German ?astronomer, mathematician ?and astrologer占星家 Key figure in the scientific revolution Best known for his three laws of planetary motion (Kepler’s Laws) 行星运行三定律 He is sometimes referred to as “the first theoretical?astrophysicist”理论天体物理学家;Supported, clarified and amended the Copernican system Turned the system from a general description into a precise mathematical formula The three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy Led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation;Galileo Galilei伽利略;Italian astronomer, philosopher, and physicist Convinced Copernican First to apply telescope to the study of the sky ; ; ;Experiment;forerunner of the Classical mechanics Galileo‘s theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies pioneer in performing rigorous 严格的experiments and insisting on a mathematical?description of the laws of nature. ;1610, Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) was published星空信使. His discoveries provided evidences for Copernicus’s hypothesis. Bible’s authority and Christianity were threatened by the theory.;Isaac Newton;Englis