GRE写作素材之古代罗马及希腊.docxVIP

GRE写作素材之古代罗马和希腊对于备考GRE考试的小伙伴来说，应该对西方国家的人物、制度、战争、变革以及社会风尚、文化生活等等方面有一定的了解，才可以对GRE写作以及GRE阅读考试中可能考察的内容，更好的进行了解和作答。那么，今天前程百利小编就和大家一起来学习一下，有关古代罗马和希腊的，悠远历史，体会其中的神秘与伟大。Ancient Rome and GreeceThere is a quality of cohesiveness （凝聚力）about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity （规则性）of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity （单一体）by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons（守卫）, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority（权威）of Rome would be utterly destroyed.罗马具有一种希腊和其他任何不论是古代的还是现在的文明都不具备的凝聚力。罗马墙上的石块是靠设计的规整和特别有力的水泥而被固定在一起，与此相同，罗马帝国的各个部分也因物理的、组织的和精神的束缚而组成了一个坚若磐石的整体。物理的束缚包括驻扎在每个省的戍卫军组成的网络和连通每个省与罗马的用石头铺成的道路网络。组织上的束缚则基于法律和行政的一般原则，以及遍布各地、统一行动的军政府。精神上的控制则建立在恐惧和惩罚上——毫无疑问，任何人或任何事，只要威胁到罗马的权威，都终将被摧毁。The source of Roman obsession（困扰） with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark（明显）:in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is u