化工专业英语——单元操作.docx

单元操作Unit operation单元操作是化学工业和其他过程工业中进行的物料粉碎、输送、加热、冷却、混合和分离等一系列使物料发生预期的物理变化的基本操作的总称。对这些操作的研究，是化学工程的一个重要分支。各种单元操作依据不同的物理化学原理，应用相应的设备，达到各自的工艺目的。如蒸馏根据液体混合物中各组分挥发能力的差异，可以实现液体混合物中各组分分离或某组分提纯的目的。对单元操作的研究，以物理化学、传递过程和化工热力学为理论基础，着重研究实现各单元操作的过程和设备，故单元操作又称为化工过程及设备。单元操作的应用遍及化工、冶金、能源、食品、轻工、核能和环境保护等部门，对这些部门生产的大型化和现代化起着重要作用。Unit operation is a general term for a series of material handling, transportation, heating, cooling, mixing and separation of materials in the chemical industry and other process industries. The study of these operations is an important branch of chemical engineering. Various unit operations according to different physical and chemical principles, the application of the corresponding equipment, to achieve the purpose of their respective processes. Such as distillation according to the difference of the volatile capacity of the liquid mixture, can achieve the purpose of separation of components in liquid mixture or a group of purification. Based on the theory of physical chemistry, transfer process and chemical thermodynamics, the research on the operation of the unit has focused on the process and equipment of realizing the operation of each unit, so the unit operation is also called the chemical process and equipment. Application of unit operation in chemical industry, metallurgy, energy, food, light industry, nuclear energy and environmental protection departments, the production of these departments and the modernization of large-scale play an important role.单元操作沿革Unit operation evolution单元操作在化学工业的发展过程中，人们最初以具体产品为对象，分别进行各种产品的生产过程和设备的研究。随着化工生产的发展,人们逐渐认识到,各种不同产品的生产过程是由为数不多的基本操作和各种化学反应过程所组成的。在19世纪末英国学者G.E.戴维斯便提出了这种观点，但当时未引起足够重视。1915年美国学者A.D.利特尔首先提出单元操作这一概念,明确指出：“任何化工生产过程不论规模如何，皆可分解为一系列名为单元操作的过程，例如粉碎、混合、加热、吸收、冷凝、浸取、沉降、结晶、过滤等。” 1923年W.H.华克尔，W.K.刘易斯和W.H.麦克亚当斯等合著的《化工原理》一书出版，成为第一本全面阐述单元操作的著作。从此单元操作得到了广泛重视，成为化学工程中的奠基学科，常称为化工原理。Unit operation in the chemical industry development process, people first to specific products as the object, respectively, a variety of produc