8designcategory设计种类controlgroup对照组random.ppt

Example of Panel Design样本设计举例 Investigating attitudes and patterns of behavior about gender for students at a school 调查某所学校的学生对性别的态度和行为方式 Questionnaire given every semester for eight years 连续8年每学期散发调查问卷 * * Before-and-After Designs前-后设计 One way to measure change 测量变化的一个方法 Compare key measures before and after the intervention 将干预前后所用的关键方法进行比较 Also called pre- and post-designs 也称为前-后设计 The before is often called the baseline 前设计通常被称为基准 There is no separate comparison group, the before is one group the after is the other group 没有单独的对照组，之前的是一组，之后的是另一组 Change alone does not prove causality 改变本身并不能证明因果关系 * Questions for Before-and-After Designs前-后设计的问题 Evaluation questions: 评价问题： Did program participants increase their knowledge of parenting techniques? 计划参与者的知识技能是否有所增长? What was the change in wages earned, two years after the training intervention? 接受培训活动两年以后，工资收入有什么变化？ * Notation for Before-and-After Designs前-后设计的表示法 Represented as: 被表述为： O1 X O2 Observation, intervention, observation 观察、干预、观察 * Cross-sectional Designs横断面研究设计 Show a snapshot at one point in time 反映某一时点的情况 Also interested in sub-group responses 也对子群组的反应感兴趣 Often used with survey method 通常与调查方法一起使用 Subgroups may be: 子群组可以进行如下划分： Age 年龄 Gender性别 Income收入 Education教育 Ethnicity民族 Amount of intervention received接受的干预数量 * Questions for Cross-sectional Design横断面研究设计的问题 Evaluation question may focus on 评价问题重点关注： participant satisfaction of services 参与者对服务的满意度 why they did not use services 他们为什么不使用服务 find out current status of people from an intervention a few years ago 找到几年前接受过干预的人现在的状态 Evaluation questions might be: 评价问题可能是： Do participants with different levels of education have different views on the value of training? 教育程度不同的人对于培训价值是否有不同的理解？ Did women receive different training services than their male counterparts? 女性接受的培训服务是否不同于男性? * Notation for Cross-sectional Design横断面研究设计的表示法 Represented as: 被表述为： X O1  O2 O3 The observation is made after the intervention “X” and respo