百喜草全园覆盖.ppt

果树专业硕士生课程-yao2 果树专业硕士生课程-yao2 之 果园生草栽培技术 高级果树栽培学 果园生草栽培的历史与现状 果园生草栽培的利与弊 生草栽培的草种选择 生草栽培的管理措施 生草栽培的应用前景 Orchard Irrigation and Soil Management Practices B.C. Mazumdar. Delhi, Daya, 2004, x, 134 p., figs., ISBN 81-7035-347-5.? Contents: Preface. I. Orchard irrigation: 1. Importance of orchard irrigation. 2. Factors affecting irrigation requirement of fruit crops. 3. Determining irrigation requirement. 4. Surface irrigation system. 5. Sub-surface irrigation system. 6. Overhead irrigation system. 7. Precautions of irrigation. II. Orchard soil management practices: 1. Concepts of orchard soil management. 2. Management without growing any extra plant (clean culture). 3. Management by growing economically important plants (crop culture). 4. Management by growing soil-conserving plants (cover-cropping). 5. Management by growing grasses (sod-culture). 6. Management by green manuring. 7. Management by soil coverage (mulching). Appendix: 1. Botanical names of plants referred to in the text. 2. Irrigational particulars. 3. Conversion factors. Index 果园生草是指在果园行间或树下种植一年生或多年生豆科或禾本科草本植物的一种果园土壤管理方式。 第二次世界大战之后，生草栽培在世界各地得到普遍推广。 波兰的果园通常在定植后的第三年开始进行生草栽培。 日本苹果产区果园基本上采用生草栽培。 意大利的80%的果园采用生草栽培。 美国的果园普遍采用行间生草，株间和树冠下施用除草剂的果园管理方式。 随着有机农业的兴起，生草栽培成为果园土壤管理的重要方式，得到广泛普及。 果园生草栽培的历史与现状 我国传统的果园管理方式是清耕除草，导致土壤流失严重，有机质含量下降。 上世纪80年代开始，我国对生草栽培进行研究和应用。 目前，我国果园生草栽培的方式主要包括自然生草和人为生草两种方式。 我国生草栽培现状 改善果园的小气候 减轻坡地果园的水土流失 有利于果园的机械化操作 提高土壤肥力水平 栖息天敌昆虫，减轻虫害 与果树竞争肥水 增加劳力成本 利 弊 果园生草栽培的利与弊 Increased beneficial arthropods Improved traction Increased pests Improved soil structure and water pen. Increases weed problems Weed suppression Increased frost hazard Addition of organic matter to soil Depletion of soil moisture Reduced soil erosion Increased costs and management, but benefits may outweigh costs Addition or conservation of nitrogen Potential Problems with Cover Crops Potential Benefits of Cover Crops 生草栽培对桔园温湿度的影响(1994) 改善果园的小气候 生草栽培对桔园生态环境的影响(1994) Ⅰ清耕对照, Ⅱ白三叶, Ⅲ混栽白三叶和百喜草,Ⅳ百喜草。 生草栽培对柑桔叶片光合速率的影响(mg 干物·dm-2·h -1) 生