葡萄糖酸抑制.ppt

1.1 糖类水解酶 1.3 糖的吸收 Section 2 Catabolism of monocarbohydrate 第二节 单糖的分解代谢 2.1 Concepts 酵解（glycolysis） 呼吸（resperation) 发酵（fermentation) 发酵类型（types of fermentation) 2.2 Glycolysis and the Catabolism of Hexoses—— EMP pathway 2.2.1 The Elucidation of Glucose Degradation Pathway Has a Rich History 1890s, Buchner (Germany), fermentation occurred outside living yeast cells (the “sucrose surprise”): metabolism became chemistry; 1900s, Harden (Great Britain), isolated a hexose diphosphate when mixing yeast juice and glucose; also found heat labile but nondializable zymase and heat stable dializable cozymase (ATP, Metal ions, ADP, NAD+); 2.2.1 The Elucidation of Glucose Degradation Pathway Has a Rich History 1910s to 30s, Embden and Meyerhof (Germany), glycolysis in muscle and its extracts: in vitro reconstruction from glycogen to lactic acid; many reactions of lactic acid (muscle) and alcohol (yeast) fermentations are the same; lactic acid is reconverted to carbohydrate in the presence of O2; some phosphorylated compounds are energy-rich. “Embden-Meyerhof pathway”. 2.2.1 The Elucidation of Glucose Degradation Pathway Has a Rich History 1940s, Lipmann, discovery of coenzyme A and acetyl-CoA; 1930s to 40s, Cori and Cori, discovery of glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-1-phosphate; 1940s, Cori, Cori and Houssay, discovery of hormone regulation of metabolism; The whole pathway of glycolysis (Glucose to pyruvate) was elucidated by the 1940s. 2.2.2 Overview of glycolysis糖酵解概况 The glycolysis is a pathway from glucose to pyruvate; Glycolysis can occurs under anaerobic conditions (fermentations); glycolysis takes place in cytoplasma; The glycolysis pathway consists of two phases 2.2.2 Overview of glycolysis 糖酵解概况 5. Intermediary metabolites are phosphated; 6. Three types of chemical changes； 7. Glycolysis is highly regulated. 8. Types of reactions occurring in glycolysis Phosphoryl group transfer: kinase; Phosphoryl group shift: mutase（变位酶）; Isomerization: isomera