现申请晋升上级职称.ppt

1.2 Same or similar reference of the concept expressed by a word(equivalence in meaning) proper names: PRC, The Atlantic common words: helicopter, dog, sky, breakfast 2. Syntax 2.1 Similar sentence elements subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial, complement 2.2 Similar basic sentence pattern SV/SVO/SVOC Differneces Mode of thinking Relation between thought and language Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis As we examine the way in which words and structures are used to express meaning, it is natural to wonder about the possibility that langauge might play a role in shaping how we think. While it is certainly plausible to believe that language facilitates reasoning and problem solving by providing a way to represent complex thoughts, it has sometimes been proposed that linguistic systems might have a considerably more fundamental effect on cogniyion. Indeed, it has been suggested that the particular language people speak shapes the wat in which they think and perceive the world. Sapir: Human beings… are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society… the ‘real world’ is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. (1929) Whorf: We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that we isolate the world of phenomnea we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds—this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. The hypothesis is Sopported by: ●cross-linguistic differences in vocabulary ●variation in the type of grammatical contrasts a language encodes 申小龙: 英语是一种物理空间体(The English language is a continuous body of PHYSICAL space) 汉语是一种心理时间流(Chinese is a flow of MENTAL time) Major differences 1)English: parataxis; Chinese: hypotaxis (英语重形合，汉语重意合） Hypotaxis：the dependent