唐代火葬的流行及其原因.pdf

第 38 卷第 4 期 2016 年 7 月 Vol.38 No.4 Journal of Tangshan Normal University Jul. 2016 唐代火葬的流行及其原因 马格侠，王永春 （天水师范学院文史学院，甘肃 天水 741000 ） 摘 要：火葬习俗在唐代汉族中开始流行，不仅当时的僧尼、在家佛教徒举行火葬，内迁的少数民族、宫 廷中的统治者也举行火葬。火葬仪式除了出家人的“荼毗焚身”外，还有在家信徒仪式繁琐的火葬。佛教对肉 体的轻视和对解脱的理解是唐代火葬流行的主观原因，周边少数民族对灵魂升遐的渴望以及客死者对灵魂早日 摆脱奴役，回归故乡的想往，生者对死者尸骨火葬后携带方便也是火葬在唐代盛行的客观因素。 关键词：唐代；火葬习俗；流行 K242 A 1009-9115(2016)04-0095-05 中图分类号： 文献标识码： 文章编号： DOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1009-9115.2016.04.024 The Reasons for the Popularity of Cremation in the Tang Dynasty MA Ge-xia, WANG Yong-chun (School of Literature and History, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, China) Abstract: Cremation became popular among ethnic Han in the Tang Dynasty. It was adopted by not only monks or nuns, but also some ethnic minorities and even the imperial family. The cremation ceremony was of many forms, including the Buddhist ceremony and elaborate ones for Buddhist believers at home. Neglect of body and understanding of relief by Buddhist believers are a subjective reason for the popularity of cremation in the Tang Dynasty. Objective reasons include the desire for ascension by ethnic minorities, the yearning for freedom and returning home by those who died away from their hometown, and convenience for carrying. Key Words: the Tang Dynasty; cremation; popularity 火葬，又称“熟葬”“火化”“荼毗”“焚身”，即用 在佛教传入中国后，特别是“佛既谢世，香木焚 火焚烧尸体的丧葬形式。早在西周初年，就有“古之葬 尸”[7]而葬后，火葬就成为对德行高尚的僧人的一种褒 者，厚衣之以薪；葬之中野，不封不树，丧期无数”[1] 奖。如鸠摩罗什去世后，“姚兴于逍遥园依外国法以火 的记载。这里的“厚衣之以薪”是指将尸体厚厚地用草 焚尸，薪灭形碎，惟舌不烂”[8] 。智嵩“弟子积薪焚其 柴包裹住，进行火葬[2] 。可见火葬早在西周初期就已存 尸，骸骨灰烬，唯舌独全