语言和文化 language and culture.ppt

Intercultural Communicationweek 2 Language and Culture Language and Culture I. Language 1. Feature of language 2. structure of language II. Translation problems 1. Vocabulary equivalence 2. Idiomatic equivalence 3. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence 4. Experiential equivalence 5. Conceptual equivalence Structure of language Every language has a structure: an internal logic and a particular relationship between its parts. The structure of any language consists of four subsystems: phonology (语音), morphology (音位，词法), syntax (句法，语法), and semantics (语义学). Structure of language 1. Phonology: a system of sound 语音 All languages use only a limited number of sounds out of the vast range of sounds that can be made by the human vocal apparatus. Sounds used in one language may be absent in other languages. The pronunciation problem of Chinese students. Structure of language 2. Morphology (音位，词法 a system for creating words from sound) A morpheme (词素) is the small unit of a language that has a meaning. Bound morphemes are not used by themselves but only association with another unit of meaning, such as un- in undo A free morpheme can stand alone, such as dog. Most words in Chinese, have only one morpheme, but some words have more than one. Many single-morpheme words in English, but also has many words with more than one morpheme. Structure of language 3. Syntax (a series of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences) In English, word order is important because it conveys meaning. Chinese: 主＋谓＋宾 English：Subject + verb. + object Japanese/Korean: subject + object + verb. While in other languages, such as Latin, word order does matter much, indicated by word endings. In Chinese, the tense of the verb need not be indicated, as it must be in English. Structure of language 4. Semantics: a system that relates words to meaning(语义学). Lexicon: the total stock of words in a language. Lexicon reflects the nature of a culture, such as