语言学隐喻.ppt

Conceptual Metaphor Preview Brief history of metaphor Metaphor as mapping The characteristics of mappings Orientational metaphors 运用诸如：上下，内外，前后，远近，深浅，中心，边缘等表达空间的概念来组织另一概念系统。这与我们的身体构造，行为方式密切相关。 Novel metaphor * * Metaphor has been seen as the use of one expression to refer to a different concept in a way which is still regarded as meaningful and metaphor has most prototypically been associated with poetic and literary usage. However, much work in cognitive science has demonstrated that metaphor is a basic pattern in the way the human mind works. Conceptual metaphor Pragmatic view Interaction theory Comparison theory Aristotle Richard Black Searle Lakoff Johnson Metaphors We Live By Lakoff Johnson,1980 makes the study of metaphor shift from poetic ornamental language and linguistic aspects of metaphor to cognitive nature of metaphor. This approach to metaphor has proved metaphor an important language device that reflects the cognitive source of human thinking. It has been widely recognized that metaphor is central not only to poetry and ordinary language, but also to diverse realms such as the interpretation of dreams and the nature of models in scientific thought (Levinson, 1983: 147). Lakoff (1993):隐喻隐射就是从一个始源喻隐射到一个目标域 。 王文斌和林波进一步说明，他们认为隐喻是一种心理隐射，是人们将对此事物的认识隐射到彼事物上，形成了始源喻向目标喻的跨越。需要指出的是，隐喻的心理映射可能牵涉到此事物与彼事物的外在表征联系，也可能牵涉到此事物和彼事物的内在特性的关联，也可能牵涉到两者兼而有之。 火红的太阳。 他是只老狐狸。 Juliet is the sun. Metaphor ----“metaphora ”(Ancient Greek ) “carrying across”由此及彼 Juliet is the sun. 概念域A 概念域B 本体（Tenor) — 喻体（Vehicle） Richards(1936) 主题 (Topic) — 喻体(Vehicle) Cameron 目标 (Target) — 始源(Source) Lakoff andJohnson(1980) 主项(Primary Subject) — 次项(Secondary Subject) Black(1993) Stylistics (p106) Vehicle ①