医学英文文献阅读高殿帅分析.ppt

文献（学术论文）阅读;综 述;学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识和科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用途的书面文件。 学术论文具有四大特点：①学术性 ②科学性 ③创造性 ④理论性 ;学术论文（科研文章）;学术论文的形态结构（格式）;The structure of an article 文章的结构;题 名;题名举例 ;题 名;Death receptors and caspases but not mitochondria are activated in the GDNF- or BDNF-deprived dopaminergic neurons;摘 要;摘要具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、材料与方法、结果、结论等，而重点是结果和结论。;Death Receptors and Caspases But Not Mitochondria Are Activated in the GDNF- or BDNF-Deprived Dopaminergic Neurons; Neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), promote survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but the death pathways activated in the dopaminergic neurons by deprivation of these factors are poorly studied. ;We show here that deprivation of GDNF or BDNF triggers a novel mitochondria-independent death pathway in the cultured embryonic dopaminergic neurons: cytochrome c was not released from the mitochondria to cytosol, proapoptotic protein Bax was not activated, and overexpressed Bcl-xL did not block the death. ;Caspases were critically required, because the death was completely blocked by caspase inhibitor BAF [boc-aspartyl(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone] and over expression of dominant-negative mutants of caspase-9, -3, and -7 significantly blocked the death. Also, the death receptor pathway was involved, because blockage of caspase-8 or FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain), an adapter required for caspase-8 activation, inhibited death induced by GDNF or BDNF deprivation. ;Ligation of Fas by agonistic anti-Fas antibody induced apoptosis in the GDNF- or BDNF-maintained neurons, and inhibition of Fas by Fas-Fc chimera blocked the death of GDNF- or BDNF-deprived neurons, whereas FAIM(L) (long isoform of Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule) could control the activity of Fas in the dopaminergic neurons.;请说出该摘要中下列几部分是怎样表达的？;Death