医学英语的翻译分析.ppt

十二. un- 表示不, 无, 未,去,失,非等. 例如: Unconscious (神志不清); uneasy/unrest(不安); undifferentiation (未分化); undoubted (无疑); unequal (不相等的); unsaturated (不饱和的); unwell(不适, 有病) 十三.under- 表示不足; 欠,不; 低, 在下 等. 例如: Undernutrition / undernourishment (营养不良); underestimate (低估); undersaturation (欠饱和); underweight(体重不足); underdiagnosis (漏诊) 十四. 后缀–free表示无---的 例如: Sugar-free urine(无糖尿) ; symptom-free(无症状) 十五. 后缀-less表示无---的; 不---的 例如: Symptomless (无症状的); senseless (无感觉的) 十六.后缀-proof 表示防---的; 耐---的; 不透---的 例如: Fool-proof(容易操作的); fire-proof(防火的); sound-proof(隔音的); time-proof(耐久的); water-proof (防水的) The action of a drug in the body can be described in terms of its half-life. Half-life is the time interval required for the body’s elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one half. For example, if a drug’s half-life is 8 hours, then the amount of drug in the body is as follows: Initially: 100%; After 8 hours: 50%; After 16 hours: 25%; After 24 hours: 12.5% ; After 32 hours: 6.25%. Because the purpose of most drug therapy is to maintain a constant drug level in the body, repeated doses are required to maintain that level. A person may not respond in the same manner to successive doses. Absorption is the process by which the drug passes into the bloodstream. Unless the drug is administered directly into the blood stream, absorption is the first step in the movement of the drug through the body. The rate of absorption varies with the route. An idiosyncratic effect is unexpected and individual. The drug may have a completely different effect from the normal one or cause unpredictable and unexplained symptoms. Ethnicity and culture may contribute to differences in responses to medications. It is thought that a toxic reaction may be due to a genetic defect that cause a person to be unable to eliminate a drug or to metabolize a drug too quickly. Cultural practices can also affect a drug’s actions. Herbal remedies may counteract prescribed medicati