a survey of honey bee colony losses in the u.s., fall 2007 to spring 2008蜜蜂的调查在美国殖民地的损失.pdfVIP

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a survey of honey bee colony losses in the u.s., fall 2007 to spring 2008蜜蜂的调查在美国殖民地的损失.pdf

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a survey of honey bee colony losses in the u.s., fall 2007 to spring 2008蜜蜂的调查在美国殖民地的损失

A Survey of Honey Bee Colony Losses in the U.S., Fall 2007 to Spring 2008 1,2 3 2 4 Dennis vanEngelsdorp *, Jerry Hayes Jr. , Robyn M. Underwood , Jeffery Pettis 1 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry–Apiculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Florida Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant and Apiary Inspection, Apiary Inspection Section, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 4 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America Abstract Background: Honey bees are an essential component of modern agriculture. A recently recognized ailment, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), devastates colonies, leaving hives with a complete lack of bees, dead or alive. Up to now, estimates of honey bee population decline have not included losses occurring during the wintering period, thus underestimating actual colony mortality. Our survey quantifies the extent of colony losses in the United States over the winter of 2007–2008. Methodology/Principal Findings: Surveys were conducted to quantify and identify management factors (e.g. operation size, hive migration) that contribute to high colony losses in general and CCD symptoms in particular. Over 19% of the country’s estimated 2.44 million colonies were surveyed. A total loss of 35.8% of colonies was recorded; an increase of 11.4% compared to last year. Operations that pollinated almonds lost, on average, the same number of colonies as those that did not. The 37