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A T Cell-Inducing Influenza Vaccine for the Elderly: Safety and Immunogenicity of MVA-NP+M1 in Adults Aged over 50 Years 1. 1. 1. 1 Richard D. Antrobus , Patrick J. Lillie , Tamara K. Berthoud , Alexandra J. Spencer , 2 2 1 1 2 1 James E. McLaren , Kristin Ladell , Teresa Lambe , Anita Milicic , David A. Price , Adrian V. S. Hill , Sarah C. Gilbert1* 1The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom Abstract Background: Current influenza vaccines have reduced immunogenicity and are of uncertain efficacy in older adults. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of MVA-NP+M1, a viral-vectored influenza vaccine designed to boost memory T cell responses, in a group of older adults. Methods: Thirty volunteers (aged 50–85) received a single intramuscular injection of MVA-NP+M1 at a dose of 1?5 6108 plaque forming units (pfu). Safety and immunogenicity were assessed over a period of one year. The frequency of T cells specific for nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 1 (M1) was determined by interferon-gamma (IFN-c) ELISpot, and their phenotypic and functional properties were characterized by polychromatic flow cytometry. In a subset of M1-specific CD8+ T cells, T cell receptor (TCR) gene expression was evaluated using an unbiased molecular approach. Results: Vaccination with MVA-NP+M1 was well tolerated. ELISpot responses were boosted significantly above baseline following vaccination. Increases were detected in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell