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Group B Streptococcus GAPDH Is Released upon Cell Lysis, Associates with Bacterial Surface, and Induces Apoptosis in Murine Macrophages 1,2,3,4 1,2 ´ 1,2 3,4 Liliana Oliveira , Pedro Madureira , Elva Bonifacio Andrade , Abdelouhab Bouaboud , Eric 5 1,2 3,4 5 5 Morello , Paula Ferreira , Claire Poyart , Patrick Trieu-Cuot , Shaynoor Dramsi * ˆ ´ 1 Universidade do Porto, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas de Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal, 2 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal, ´ ´ ´ ´ 3 Institut Cochin, Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Faculte de Medecine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 8104), Paris, France, 4 Institut ´ ´ ´ ´ ` ` National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U1016, Paris, France, 5 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Biologie des Bacteries Pathogenes a Gram-positif, CNRS URA 2172, Paris, France Abstract Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) are cytoplasmic glycolytic enzymes that, despite lacking identifiable secretion signals, have been detected at the surface of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they exhibit non-glycolytic functions including adhesion to host components. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a human commensal bacterium that has the capacity to cause life-threate