Goal Motivation - UNCW Faculty and Staff Web Pages目标激励- uncw教职员工的网页.ppt

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Goal Motivation - UNCW Faculty and Staff Web Pages目标激励- uncw教职员工的网页.ppt

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Goal Motivation - UNCW Faculty and Staff Web Pages目标激励- uncw教职员工的网页

Goal Motivation Chapter 11 Reinforcers, Incentives, Goals Reinforcers Have increased the rate or probability of behavior in the past. Incentives Maintains current behavior. Goals Lager more important than incentives More complex with both positive and negative features. Cognitive realm of motivation Typically one-time events More than one goal. I. Origins of Goals A. Incentives versus Goals 1. Differentiating Characteristics Goals are incentives to be achieved and are also more important, complex, cognitive, and are single occurrences. 2. From Incentives to Goals Value, probability of attaining, and amount of effort are factors that determine which incentives become goals. 3. Future Orientation of Goals When future goals are visualized in the present its negative goal features are discounted more steeply than are its positive goal features. I. Origins of Goals B. Sources of Goals 1. Association of Goals with Affect Goals that produce positive affect are approached. Goals that produce negative affect are avoided. How does this help us? 2. Goals That Satisfy Physiological Needs Goals that satisfy physiological needs have a positive valence, which, in turn, determines the psychological demand of those goals. What does this add? 3. Goals That Satisfy Psychological Needs Psychological needs increase the valence of incentives that satisfy those needs. These incentives become goals. Is this circular? I. Origins of Goals 4. Goal Setting for Evaluating Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy: belief in ones capability of performing a task or achieving a goal. Is this different than probability of reinforcement? Importance of instructions? 5. Environmentally Activated Goals Stimuli associated with goal-achievement behavior can activate a goal. Subliminal stimuli? Cue effects of environmental stimuli? Discriminative stimuli? 6. Other People as Sources for Goals Social comparison with others or membership in a group determine goals. Competition and cooperation II. Goal Characteristics