Motivation and Emotion - Manson School District动机和情绪-曼森学区.ppt

Motivation and Emotion Definitions Motivation – internal state that activate and gives direction to thoughts Biological: internal physiological state Internal factors and external cues Emotion – positive or negative feelings Biological changes (physiological arousal) and characteristic behavior Primary Motives Biological needs Food, water, warmth, safety, and sex Homeostasis – biological thermostats regulated by homeostasis mechanisms Hunger – regulation of food intake Hypothalamus (lateral, ventromedial, and paraventricular) Hunger Hyperphagia – no satiety center Normal hunger cues Stomach contractions Blood sugar levels - glucose helps regulate hunger; glucagon enters blood stream and no more hunger Body fat levels – set point to reduce eating; increase cell metabolism Hunger Psychological factors Maturation and learning by experience Religious and cultural beliefs Emotions Incentives and rewards Thirst: Regulation of Water Intake Biological regulation: cues to hypothalamus Mouth dryness Cell fluid levels chemically signal pituitary gland and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters blood stream Total blood volume affects kidneys Blood vessels contract Angiotensin released into blood Psychological factors in thirst Psychological Motives Desire for novel stimulation Example: rat in T-maze seeks novel area Needs as related to one’s happiness and well-being Optimal arousal theory – need to maintain optimal level of arousal in nervous system Linked to brain’s reticular formation and sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system Psychological Motives Arousal and performance Yerkes-Dodson Law Affiliation motivation All humans have need to be social Theories on need for affiliation Need gained through learning experiences Affiliative behaviors positively reinforced Need for emotional comfort in trying times Achievement Motivation Psychological need to succeed in school, work, and other areas of life Controversy on how individuals define success Elliot and Church’s study