Sustainable Transportation - Brock University可持续交通-布鲁克大学.ppt

6. Movement of freight Freight Movement in Canada (2000): 43.9% by rail 28.7% by water 27.4% by road less than 0.1% by air 6. Movement of freight Freight increased by 37.1% (1990–2000), from 541 to 741 billion tonne-kilometres Contributing factors: growth in road freight by 94.3% (1990-2000) use of ‘just-in-time’ delivery methods 6. Movement of freight Movement of freight uses energy, causes globally and locally acting emissions. On balance, reducing the movement of goods represent progress towards sustainable transportation. 7. Travel by cars and planes Index shows % of all travel by two most polluting motorized modes: aviation and personal vehicles. No clear trend Share of travel by plane and personal vehicle remained 90% every year. Note narrow rangeof percentages! 8. Personal Vehicle Movement Personal vehicles account for 82% of vehicles on road (2000). Measured in vehicle kilometres (vkm) Increased by 13.6% (1990-2000) from 230 to 261 billion. 8. Personal Vehicle Movement Average occupancy of personal vehicles fell by 4.8%,from 1.74 to 1.66 persons / vehicle. Each car driven an average of 17,500 km/year in Canada. Main change in 1990s: growth in SUVs, minivans, and pick-up trucks: increased from 16.8% in 1990 to 28.4% in 2000. SUVs use about 35% more fuel per km than passenger cars (US CAFE fleet average data, 2005) 9. Urban Land Use A sustainable transportation system minimizes the use of land. Transport uses land directly (roads, driveways, transport corridors, parking) Personal transport allows low-density development of urban areas -urban sprawl. Low residential densities make it economically impossible to justify public transit… - the cycle of car dependency increases. 9. Urban Land Use Developed land per urban resident increased by 28.9%, (1971 -1996), from 971 to 1,251 square metres Highest rate of growth occurred 1991 - 1996 10. Length of paved roads Impacts of new roads: direct land use energy consumption (construct