安全B班期末考试复习~知识点大汇总.doc

一翻译（英文3-10=30） 1 Increasing Hazards日益增加的事故 From the earliest times hazards have existed from which accidents have come about: falls from elevated places, impacts from falling trees and rocks, cuts from sharp objects, fires, drownings, and similar primordial events. 从最早时间以来，危害就存在于事故所导致的：高处坠落、树和石头坠落产生的冲击、尖锐物体切削、火灾、淹溺和类似的初发事件。 immemorial 古老的, 远古的, 无法追忆的 asphyxiation 窒息 carbon monoxide 一氧化碳 cage 笼, 槛, (矿井) 贯笼 canary 金丝雀 respirable air 可呼吸的空气 自远古时代，金属矿是导致事故多发的危险性的行业。蒸汽机的出现和对煤的新的需求加剧了它的危险性和事故的发生，因为（为满足这些需求）煤矿开采已形成了一个巨大的产业。煤矿主要的危险是因缺少正确的通风方法和一氧化碳的存在导致可能窒息。矿工们带着关在笼中的金丝雀下井，金丝雀的死可给他们一个这儿缺乏足够的可呼吸空气的警告 3 Without management support the conscientious safety engineer will be in a constant state of frustration; his or her efforts to accomplish the job successfully will be hampered from the start. Avoidance of accidents requires a sustained integrated effort by managers of all departments, supervisors, and other employees at all levels and in all activities. The safety engineer may indicate of what this effort should consist and may determine whether it is being carried out properly and adequately. Only the managers. however. can ensure that it is a properly integrated and coordinated activity. 没有管理的支持即使有责任心的安全工程师也会很失意; 她或他顺利完成工作的努力将从一开始就受挫。事故的避免需要有一个持续的完整的工作计划, 这需要各部门的管理人员、监察员和其他雇员在各层次和各种活动中积极配合。安全工程师可以指出工作计划由哪几部分组成及确定它是否被充分有效执行。然而, 只有管理人员能确保计划的完全整合及活动的协调 4 Operator errors have a multiplicity of causes--for example, 1ack of consideration of worker capabilities or their limitations．Errors and accidents frequently occur because equipment is designed for statistical persons rather than actual ones． Measurements and statistics may show the average person can reach so far，push so hard, and react so fast．However, there may be occasions when the worker’s capabilities are less in some respect than the statistically synthesized person．Much man-sized equipment proved unsuitable for use by woman operators in World War II because of their smaller physique． 操作失误有多种原因：例如， 缺乏考虑工人的能力或局限