曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济分册)1.ppt

* * 7 * Before displaying the second and subsequent lines, explain the first one: Total consumption expenditure is the sum of consumer spending on domestically produced goods and foreign produced goods. EX: The value of the goods we export to other countries equals their expenditure on our output. IM: The value of our imports equals the portion of our country’s expenditure (the portion of C+I+G) that falls on foreign products. * * A country’s GDP is total expenditure on its output of final goods services. The first line adds up all sources of spending on domestically produced goods services. The second subsequent lines present an algebraic derivation of the national income accounting identity for an open economy. * Solving this identity for NX yields the second equation, which says: A country’s net exports---its net outflow of goods---equals the difference between its output and its expenditure. Example: If we produce $500b worth of goods, and only buy $400b worth, then we export the remainder. Of course, NX can be a negative number, which would occur if our spending exceeds our income/output. * * * * * * * * * * 图1. 经济循环图 企业 家庭 生产要素 市场 商品和服务 市场 支出(=GDP) 收入=(GDP) 工资、租金 和利润(=GDP) 收入(=GDP) 销售商品 和服务 购买商品 和服务 劳动、土地 和资本 生产投入 产品与服务市场 产品市场 金融市场 政府 家庭 企业 企业收益 生产要素支付 收入 经济循环流程 税收 私人储蓄 消费 公共储蓄 政府购买 投资 slide * Preliminaries(预备知识) EX = exports = foreign spending on domestic goods IM = imports = C f + I f + G f = spending on foreign goods Superscripts（上标）: d = spending on domestic goods f = spending on foreign goods slide * Preliminaries, cont. NX = net exports (a.k.a. the “trade balance”（贸易余额）)  = EX – IM If NX 0, country has a trade surplus equal to NX If NX 0,country has a trade deficit equal to – NX slide * GDP = expenditure on domestically produced g s slide * The national income identity in an open economy Y = C + I + G + NX or, NX = Y – (C + I + G ) net exports domestic spending output The C