第5章政策议程设定.ppt

第5章 政策议程设定 Agenda Setting Significance The first, and perhaps the most critical, stage of the policy cycle is agenda setting. What happens at this stage has a decisive impact on the entire policy process and its outcomes. Critical Question How do issues appear on the governmental agenda for action. 一项社会公共问题出现以后，只有通过认定这一环节，才能纳入政府工作程序，使其成为政策问题。 几个基本认识 存在着各种各样的“问题” 政策议程是对“问题”的认定与排序 （公共 / 私人，重要 / 次要） “认定”一些问题，意味着“排斥”另外一些问题 “认定 / 排斥”是一个复杂的社会过程 Object vs. Construct Early works assumed that problems had an ‘objective’ existence waiting to be ‘recognized’ by government. Later works began to acknowledge that problem recognition is very much a socially constructed process. “客观” vs. “构造” 早期的研究以为，“问题”是客观存在的，摆在那里等待政府去认识。 近期的研究则认为，“问题认定”是一种社会建构的过程。 过程与因素 从社会建构的角度来看，三种因素影响了“问题认定”的过程。 （1）客观因素和条件 （2）政治与经济的相互作用 （3）价值观念与意识形态 学术研究的关注 The policy science took many years to evolve a position or theory on the nature of social problems. Economic and Technological Determinism Interplay of Politics and Economics Ideas and Ideology Economic and Technological Determinism 经济技术决定论的观点 —— Thomas Dye等, 1960年代中期 Public policies originate in the level of “ development” of a society, and that particular sets of problems are common to states at similar levels of development . Convergence Thesis趋 同 论 在比较公共政策领域中，Harold Wilensky等主张: As countries industrialize, they tend to converge towards the same policy mix. In this “strong” view, high levels of economic development and wealth created similar problems and opportunities which were dealt with broadly the same manner in different countries, regardless of the differences in their social or political structure. Interplay of Politics and Economics In the mid-1980’s, a second explanation of agenda-setting emerged that was less deterministic and that treated political and economic factors as an integral whole. 政策议程与政策问题是在政治与经济的相互影响下产生的。 political-business cycle 在西方国家存在两种周期 （1）市场