修辞学课件：metaphor.ppt

4. Metaphors, have three main uses: descriptive, illuminative and illustrative. Descriptive: draw sharper pictures in the mind than could possibly be done by any other means, and with much more brevity. (1) The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight. (Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.) (A description of the alternate bands of light and shade in the hall, like a zebra’s stripes) (2) Campaign posters sprouted across the land like wild flowers after a spring rain. (Here a simile is used as well as to “illustrate” the metaphor) Illuminative: to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association; to throw light, as it were, onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people. (1) New York was never Mecca to me. (Th. Griffith) (2) The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots. It is its natural manure. (Thomas Jefferson) (the suggestion here is that liberty cannot be achieved or defended without bloodshed—the shedding of the blood of both the defenders and the oppressors of liberty in a violent struggle. Blood (manure) nurtures liberty. ) Illustrative: to explain abstract or complicated ideas or processes in simple, concrete imagery. Youth By Samuel Erman Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young. 无论是六十还是十六，你要保持永不衰竭的好奇心，永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，都有一座无线电台：它能在多长时间里接收到人间万物传来的美好，希望，快乐，鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多 长时间。 When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you have grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die y