大学英语语法课件 前.pdf

Introduction Grammatical Hierarchy语法层次 词素、词、词组、分句、句子 What is grammar? l语言(Language)是社会交际的工具，是音 义结合的词汇和语法的体系。 l语法(Grammar)是语言的组织规律，它赋予 语言以结构系统，而词汇(Vocabulary)则是 语言的建筑材料，它通过浯法而赋予语言 以意义内容。 lGrammar is the structural system of a language. Five ranks lThe grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Morphemes 词素 lThe morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. l最小的语法/语义单位 lFree morphemes 自由词素 ¡A complete meaning; a simple word lBound morphemes粘附词素 ¡Affix 词缀; combining form组合形式 Words lThe word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. lWord-formation ¡Simple words 简单词(morpheme word) ¡Derivatives 派生词 ¡Compounds 合成词 lGrammatical function ¡Closed class 封闭词类(function word) ¡Open class 开放词类(content word) Phrases lGenerally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. lThe noun phrase ¡(限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语) lThe verb phrase lThe adjective phrase ¡(修饰语)+形容词+(后置修饰语/补足成分) lThe adverb phrase ¡(修饰语)+副词+(后置修饰语) lThe prepositional phrase ¡(修饰语)+介词+补足成分 Clauses lStructurally, a clause is a sequence of phrases; logically, a construction of “subject + predicate”.结成一种带有描述性 的“主语+谓语”的语法构造 lIndependent and dependent clauses ¡His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar.(独立分句) ¡His new book that will soon come out is on grammar.(从属分句) lSimple and complex clauses ¡It is not true.(独立简单分句/简单句） ¡What you said is not true.(独立复杂分句/复杂句） lMain and subordinate clauses lFinite and non-finite clauses ¡I signed the paper to get the license. ¡Cant you recall telling me that story last week? ¡Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly. lVerbless clause