第三次课(第二章).ppt

第二章 世界贸易组织 世界贸易组织的基本原则 Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively. From time to time other issues such as red tape and exchange rate policies have also been discussed. Since GATT’s creation in 1947-48 there have been eight rounds of trade negotiations. A ninth round, under the Doha Development Agenda, is now underway. At first these focused on lowering tariffs (customs duties) on imported goods. As a result of the negotiations, by the mid-1990s industrial countries’ tariff rates on industrial goods had fallen steadily to less than 4%. But by the 1980s, the negotiations had expanded to cover non-tariff barriers on goods, and to the new areas such as services and intellectual property. Opening markets can be beneficial, but it also requires adjustment. The WTO agreements allow countries to introduce changes gradually, through “progressive liberalization”. Developing countries are usually given longer to fulfill their obligations. 二、关税减让原则 Tariff Concession 关税 由一国政府所设置的海关根据海关法、关税税则和有关规章，对进出其关境的进出口货物所征收的一种税收。 关税减让原则 是指各成员在WTO主持下，在最惠国原则下，通过多边谈判，互相让步，承担减低关税的义务。 关税减让义务 在互惠互利的基础上实现关税减让 告知义务和与相关成员进行谈判 普遍降低关税税率并约束关税 修改约束承诺的程序和规则 非歧视性地征收关税 欧盟提高盐焗鸡肉进口关税 2002年，欧盟改变冷冻分割盐焗鸡肉进口关税的征收办法，由原来按照进口价格的15.4%变更为每吨征收1024美元，相当于将税率提高到75%。巴西对欧盟的做法提出指控，认为欧盟变相提高关税的做法使巴西每年对欧洲市场的出口减少了3亿美元。同时对欧盟提出指控的还有泰国。根据争端解决程序的规定，欧盟可以在60天之内提出上诉。 分析： 欧盟的这种做法违反了什么原则？ 关税减让原则 三、禁止数量限制原则 General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions 总协定第十一规定：“任何缔约国除征收税捐或其他费用以外，不得设立或维持配额、进出口许可证或其他措施以限制或禁止其他缔约国领土的产品的输入，或向其他缔约国领土输出或销售出口产品”。 配额：是指一国政府在一定时期内对某些敏感商品的进口或出口进行数量或金额上的控制，其目的旨在调整国际收支和保护国内工农业生产，是非关税壁垒措施之一。包括进口配额和出口配额。 进口许可证：一国政府为了限制某种商品进口，规定其进口必须凭证才能进口的一种管理制度。 自动出口限制：在进口方的要求和压力下，出口方“自动”限制某种商品的出口金额或数量。 取消数量限制例外 1、为了稳定农产品市场 2、为了改善国际收支 3、为促进发展中国家经济发展的需要 印度对农产、纺织、工业品的进口实施数量限制案