《安全工程专业外语》考试复习资料_重点段落或者句子翻译.doc

UNIT 1 1 Accident causation models 事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’ health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. 安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进作业人员的工作健康和安全。在制定预防措施时，了解事故和其他有害事件的原因，以及它们如何发展是非常重要的。事故理论的目的是刻画事故的现象，并解释导致事故发生的机制。所有现代的理论都是基于事故的因果关系模型，改模型试图解释最终产生损失的事件序列。 In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. 在古代，事故被看作是上帝的行为，人们很少可以去防止它们。20世纪初，人们认为，物的不安全状态是发生事故的根本原因。 Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping, and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things: the human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全工作者集中在提高机器防护、维护、检修（的工作上）。在大多数情况下，事故是人的行为和物的状态或周边环境条件的结果。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. 彼得森的因果关系理论，从个人行为和周围环境条件扩展到了整个管理系统。他的结论是不安全的行为，不安全的状态和意外事故都是企业管理体系的异常标识。此外，他还指出，高层管理人员要负责建立一个可以有效地控制企业运行相关危险源的系统。 The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays