美国健康体适能与中国学生体质健康测试对比.ppt

体适能与健康体适能 physical fitness and health-related physical fitness 一、体适能与健康体适能是什么？ 体适能的历史可以追溯到第二次世界大战，当时的美国军事人员，为了应付特殊训练和特殊工作，对有关的兵种制定了不同的身体训练和体能要求，以应付艰巨任务。 为了增进国民体质，欧美各国制定了体适能测验手册；1955年美国成立了青年体适能总统委员会，1985年提出了美国青年体适能测验的内容及标准；以后各国也都有类似的研究。许多国家都设计了physical fitness评价方案。国际权威团体，包括国际physical fitness研究委员会(International Committee for Physical Fitness Research, ICPFR)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)都先后公布了physical fitness的评价标准方案。 健康体适能(health-related physical fitness)是体适能的两大分支之一，体适能(physical fitness)的概念最早由美国科学家提出，在上世纪90年代初，台湾、香港的运动生理学界率先将这一名词翻译为“体适能”，随后中国大陆学术界开始对这一名词进行讨论。多数中国学者将其翻译叫做体适能，也有译作“体能”、“身体素质”、“体力”及其它。 世界卫生组织(WHO)对体适能的定义为：个人在应付日常工作之余，身体不会感到过度疲倦，还有余力去享受休闲及应付突发事件的能力。根据美国运动医学会(American College of Sports Medicine, ACSM)的释义，体适能包括：技能体适能(skill-related physical fitness)和健康体适能(Health-related physical fitness)。健康体适能是与健康有密切关系的体适能，是心血管、肺和肌肉发挥最理想效率的能力。它不仅是机体维护自身健康的基础，而且是机体保证以最大活力完成日常工作、降低慢性疾病危险因素出现的条件,其主要内容有心肺耐力、肌肉力量和耐力、身体脂肪组成和柔软度等运动生理生化、体育保健、运动营养、体育康复、运动医学和行为科学的内容。 5 Components of Physical Fitness 1- Cardio respiratory endurance , means to control the response of the nervous system work the heart muscle more efficiently of exercise. Such as the relationship of?contraction of muscles to move and change positions cardiac muscle the patient’s head to breathe. 2- Muscular endurance , means the ability to carry out repeated for other activities of the muscle without fatigue or tired soon. Same balance of ourselves. This exercise is a test of muscle is good for fitness to build muscle for endurance. 3- Muscular strength , means your muscles. Ability for some time is short to the ability of muscles to contract. Resistance force that will act as the strength of contraction of muscles in the arm to bend an elbow, such as weight-lifting. 4- Lower Back Stretch Flexibility , means the ability to extend the capabilities of each body and contraction of the muscle joints muscle. Angle different from the normal number, such as bending and fingertips to the floor as the hip joints and leg