语言语言学及语文学.pptVIP

LANGUAGE LINGUISTICSphilology? Features of Language Knowledge of Language Language and Linguistics Branches of Linguistics Descriptive-Prescriptive Atttitude School of Linguistics Types of Grammar The need of communication. ‘Language’ is superior than other tools (non-verbal human communication) WHAT IS LANGUAGE THEN? A complex phenomenon A number of theories about “language” THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE MONOGENESIS:18th C. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: all ancient and modern languages branched off from a single proto-language. But it cannot explain that human language arose simultaneously at many different places. POLYGENESIS: Present language families derive from many original languages. THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE 5 theories from The Danish Linguist Otto Jespersen(1860-1943) 1. speech arose through Onomatopoeic words but few of these exist in language 2. speech arose through people making instictive sounds caused by pain, anger or emotions. For ex. ?nterjections 3.universal use of sounds for words of a certain menaing-sound symbolism- For example –mam is supposed to reflect the movement of the lips as the mouth approaches to the food. And bye-bye or ta-ta show the lips and tongue respecitively “waving” good-bye. 4. speech arose as peole worked together, theirphysical efforts produced communal, rhythmical grunts which in due course developed into chants, and thus language. 5.If any single factor was going to initiate human language , it would arise from the romantic side of life-sounds associated with love, play, poetic feeling, perhaps even song.( Crystal, 1987) Definitions formulated by some linguists/linguistican Bloch and Trager (1942): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social gorup co-operates”. Noam Chomsky(1957): “Language is a set of finite number sentences, each finite in lingth and constructed out of a finite set of elements” Michael Halliday (2003): “A language is a system of meaning- a semiotic system” Reconsider the followi