财政学市场政府与财政职能.pptVIP

中国金融出版社 中国金融出版社 Chapter2 Market、Government and Financial Functions Learning Objectives Lesson1 Market Failure Ⅰ、Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency （ⅰ）the concept and judgment standard of efficiency At present, the widely-accepted judgment standard is produced by the concept of “Pareto Efficiency” of welfare economics. The so-called Pareto Efficiency or Pareto Optimality refers to this situation: if the allocation of social resources has achieved the state that any readjustment means bad results for others while makes anyone become better, this resources allocation is the best one, that is, the most efficient one. If at least one person’s situation gets better, this changed result does not make others get worse, so this change is called “Pareto Improvement”. Consequently, Pareto Optimality refers to the impossible state in Pareto Improvement. Pareto Optimality includes three conditions, that is, production optimality, exchange optimality as well as production and exchange optimality. Lesson1 Market Failure Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency （ⅱ）The Presupposition of achieving Pareto Efficiency-perfectly competitive market Western economic theory has shown that market mechanism the optimality of exchange, production as well as exchange and production, but a designated presupposition is needed to achieve optimality, that is perfectly competitive market. The so-called Perfectly Competitive Market, also called purely competitive market, refers to a market structure of perfect competition without any obstacle and interference. Lesson1 Market Failure Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency （ⅱ） The Presupposition of achieving Pareto Efficiency-perfectly competitive market The characteristics of perfectly competitive market: First, there are many producers and consumers in the market, but any producer or consumer cannot affect the market price; Second, products are homogeneity without difference; Third, there is no any obst