期末语言学复习重要资料.doc

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language design features:1.Arbitrariness 2.Duality3.Productivity4.Displacement5.Cultural transmission Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics: phonetics语音学the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified.(Phonetics studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. ) Phonology音系学 the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning(It identifies the set of speech sounds for each language, how they are arranged to form meaningful units, and the function of each sound.) morphology 形态学:the study of the form of words(It identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and looks into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words) syntax 句法学the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences(It investigates the rules governing the combination of words into sentences and identifies the permissible sequences in a language and the relationships between elements in sentence structure.) semantics语义学 : the study of meaning pragmatics 语用学: the study of meaning in context of use(It looks into the relation between linguistic expressions on the one hand and objects, persons and events to which the words refer on the other. It also studies the ways in which the meaning in a language is structured and distinguishes different types of meaning.) historical linguistics 历史语言学: the study of language change (It is concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.) Parole 言语---- the realization of langue in actual use. Competence 语言能力---- the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 二 Phonetics：A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description