生物技术发展史Steps on the Road to Biotechnology.ppt

Steps on the Road to Biotechnology 2003-2004 8000 B.C. Humans domesticate crops and livestock. Potatoes first cultivated for food. 4000-2000 B.C. Biotechnology first used to leaven bread and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt). Production of cheese and fermentation of wine (Sumeria, China and Egypt). Babylonians control date palm breeding by selectively pollinating female trees with pollen from certain male trees. 500 B.C. First antibiotic（抗生素）: moldy soybean curds（臭豆腐） used to treat boils (China). A.D. 100 First insecticide（生物杀虫剂）: powdered chrysanthemums (China). 1322 An Arab chieftain first uses artificial insemination to produce superior horses. 1590 Janssen invents the microscope. 1663 Hooke discovers existence of the cell 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria 1761 Koelreuter reports successful crossbreeding of crop plants in different species. 1797 Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1830-Proteins discovered. 1833-First enzyme discovered and isolated. 1835-1855 Schleiden and Schwann propose that all organisms are composed of cells, and Virchow declares, Every cell arises from a cell. 1857 Pasteur proposes microbes cause fermentation Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid). On the Origin of Species 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, establishing the Theory of Evolution and its mechanism, natural selection, and challenging both the accepted scientific and religious views of Western culture that had been taught for centuries. 1865 The age of genetics begins When Gregor Mendel, studying inherited traits of pea plants, outlines the basic laws of heredity that still hold true today for all organisms. Mendels discov