空白的.doc

Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each of them is given four suggested answers a, b, c and d. You should choose the one BEST answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with your pencil. 1 A man is seated at a desk. Before him lie a pencil and a large pile of blank (空白的) paper. He picks up the pencil, closes his eyes, and attempts to draw a four-inch line. He repeats the exercises for several days, until he has drawn some 3,000 lines, all with his eyes closed. On the last day, he examines his work. The question is, how much improvement has there been in his ability to draw a four-inch line? How much has he learned from his effort? He found his ability to draw a four-inch line was no better on the last day than it had been on the first. The result of this experiment may seem clear to us today, but it was an effective way of doubting a belief widely held earlier in the 20th century, a belief that formed the very basis of education at the time: “Practice makes perfect.” It was this blind belief in practice that made countless hours of drill as a standard teaching technique . The experiment shows that practice in and of itself is not enough for learning. Based on this and other more formal studies, a conclusion is made that practice is important only in so far as it provides the opportunity for reinforcement (强化效应). To reinforce (加强) means to strengthen by providing certain kinds of feedback (反馈). This feedback, called reinforcement, involves things a person willingly seeks out. For example, we might teach a person to draw a four-inch line with his eyes closed simply by saying “good” each time the effort is within half an inch of the goal. Most people like to succeed, so this kind of feedback should be an effective way of reinforcing the correct practice. 1．The purpose of drawing four-inch lines is to ____B_____. a. learn the skill of exact drawing b. test t