武汉大学分子遗传学课件：1.ppt

单顺反子（monocistron）: 只编码一条多肽链的顺反子。 多顺反子（polycistron）： 可编码多条肽链的mRNA分子。 酵 母 三个字母表明基因功能，而后的数字 表示不同的基因座。 啤酒酵母基因:GAL4，CDC28 蛋白质：GAL4，CDC28 非洲粟酒酵母基因:gal4，cdc2 蛋白质:Gal4，Cdc2 线 虫 用三个小写字母表示突变表型， 如存在不只一个基因座， 用连字符后接数字表示， 例如，基因: unc—86，ced—9 蛋白:UNC—86；CED—9  * * 分 子 遗 传 学 武汉大学生科院 丁 毅 第一章 基因和基因组 Genetics, the science of heredity, is at its core the study of biological information. All living organisms--from single-celled bacteria and protozoa to multicellular plants and animals — must store, replicate, transmit to the next generation, and use vast quantities of information to develop, grow, reproduce, and survive in their environments. Geneticists examine how organisms pass biological information on to their progeny and how they use it during their lifetime. 1.Biological information is encoded in the DNA molecule. （F-1） 2.Biological function emerges primarily from protein molecules. (F-2) 3.All living forms are closely related.(F-3) 4.The modular construction of genomes has allowed the relatively rapid evolution of biological complexity.（F-4） 5.Genetic techniques permit the dissection of biological complexity 第一节 基因概念的发展 Mendel (1822-1884) : “Mendelian factor” 《Experiments on plant hybrids》 Particulate inheritance 1909 Johanson : “Gene” 1910 Morgan :genes were physically in the chromosomes 1941 Beadle Tatum :“one gene one enzyme” 1951 McClintock :Ds-Ac Controlling element 1957 Benzer: Cistron 1961 Jacob Monod: Operon 1977 Berger:Ad2 Interrupted gene 1978 Gibert: Intron and exon 1977 Sanger:Ove