土木工程概论英文双语教材╱毕设外文翻译材料.doc

１ Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程是最老的工程类专业，涉及到了从建筑环境的规划、设计到施工和管理的所有内容。这里提到的环境包括了从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use．In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns，and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities． 土木工程师不但修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。 他们同样也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。此外，土木工程师还负责规划、设计和修建整个城市和乡镇，甚至他们最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的（科研）团体。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen．In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time．Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much broader． “土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。1782年，英国人John Smeaton 用这个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统领地位的军事工程师的工程项目。从那以后，土木工程这个术语就开始被用来代表那些修建公共设施的工程师们，尽管现在这个领域比以前涉及的内容更加广泛。 Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties．Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed． 因为土木工程的范围太广，所以它被细分为许多技术专业。 根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师专家的各种技能。 When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility plac