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Chapter 3 The Government of the United Kingdom 英国政府 I The old
Chapter 3 The Government of the United Kingdom
英国政府
I. The old Monarchy(君主政体) (ruled by the King )
1. the oldest institution of government
2. King Egbert (埃格伯特国王): the ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II.United England under his rule in 829.
3. divine right of kings (君权神授)
---The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil war.
4. the Civil war
--- caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.
5. Magna Carta
--- a medieval Latin name meaning ”Great Charter”. In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown
II. the Parliament and the government
1. the Great Council(大议会)
--- in medieval times, this referred to a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. By the 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.
---Two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons
--- In 1407, Henry IV, decreed that all money grants should be considered and approved by the Commons
2. William of Orange and the Bill of Rights of 1689 (权利法案)
--- In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they wo
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