人工智能(英语译成汉语的).doc

1.1intelligence智能:字典定义：有一种学习和应用知识的能力，一种思考和推理的本领，领会并且得益于经验的能力，这些都是有道理的。如果我们想量化一些东西，我们将用到一些东西，像为了在环境中更好的完成任务使能力适应知识 AI人工智能：作为一个学习和构造智能体程序，为了一个智能体结构在被给的环境中可以更好的完成任务 1.4Does this mean that AI is impossible? 不是，人工智能系统应避免解决一些难驾驭的问题，通常这意味着人工智能系统只能作出最好的行为，有时人工智能擅长解决一些结构化的实例，也许需要一些背景知识的帮助，人工智能系统应尝试做一些相同的事情 1.11 “surely computers cannot be intelligent-they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former? This depends on your definition of “intelligent” and “tell.” In one sense computers only do what the programmers command them to do, but in another sense what the programmers consciously tells the computer to do often has very little to do with what the computer actually does. Anyone who has written a program with an ornery bug knows this, as does anyone who has written a successful machine learning program. So in one sense Samuel “told” the computer “learn to play checkers better than I do, and then play that way,” but in another sense he told the computer “follow this learning algorithm” and it learned to play. So we’re left in the situation where you may or may not consider learning to play checkers to be s sign of intelligence (or you may think that learning to play in the right way requires intelligence, but not in this way), and you may think the intelligence resides in the programmer or in the computer 2.1 agent智能体:在一个环境中对一个对象作出反应的实体 Agent function:智能体函数：智能体相应任何感知序列所采取的行动 Agent program:智能体程序：与机器结构相结合，并且实现一个智能体函数的程序，在简单的设计下，程序将为一个新的感知调用，并返回一个动作。 Rationality理性:智能体的一个属性，即为当前的一个感知选择一个行动，并使期望效用最大化。 Autonomy自主:智能体的一个属性，是指他们的行为是由他们自己的经验决定而不是仅仅由最初的程序决定。 Reflex agent反射型智能体:一个智能体的行为仅仅依赖于当前的知觉 Model-based agent基于模型的智能体:一个智能体的行动直接得自于内在模型的状态，这个状态是当前世界通用的不断更新 Goal-based agent基于目标的智能体:智能体选择它相信能明确达到目标的行动 Utility-based agent基于效用的智能体：试图最大化他们自己期望的快乐 Learning agent学习智能体：基于长期的经验提高自己的行为 2.2 Both the performance measure and the utility function measure how well an agent is doing. Explain the difference bet