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Beijing Historic City Study by André Alexander, Yutaka Hirako
Beijing Historic City Study
by André Alexander, Yutaka Hirako, Lundrup Dorje and Pimpim de Azevedo
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Architecture Department of Tsinghua University for their co-operation in the research of this project, and the local government of Shi Cha Hai and the Beijing Planning Office for their cooperation.
1. Beijing City Overview
1.1 Geographical setting
Beijing is located on a flat plain on 39.56 north latitude and 116.2 east longitude, with hills to the northwest. Several natural and artificial lakes and waterways within the central area are part of an ancient water-system bringing fresh water from Yu Quan Shan and providing recreational areas for the residential districts. The climate varies, being cold in the winter (-10 degrees Celsius day-time average), whilst hot and humid in the summer.
Beijing city has 13 .6 million registered inhabitants. An additional estimated 3.8 million unregistered residents brings the total to 17.4 million people. The historic area of Beijing, bounded by the former city walls, housed 1.75 million inhabitants at the last census (1990). The remaining historic residential neighbourhoods collectively known as Hutongs are grouped in two main areas, with a total size of 62km2. The more important of the two is the 38 km2 area originally contained by the old city walls. These walls were replaced by the second ring road in the 1960s (the first ring-road refers to the walls of the former Imperial City, of which only some fragments remain). The second historic location is the area known as the ‘outer city’. This 24km2 area, located south of Qian Men gate, was originally also a separate walled city.
Since the fall of the last dynasty in 1912, these walls have been breached (finally demolished in the 1960s) and the city has expanded (9/10s of inhabitants now live in these younger areas). The growth has been controlled by a series of ring roads (i.e. defining one’s address as being beyond the third ring road e
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