2014. 语言学概论练习题.docVIP

Questions and Tasks CHAPTER 1： Introduction: human language and linguistics 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction CHAPTER 2： Phonetics and Phonology What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme? Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions (see p.32) CHAPTER 3： Morphology 8. Define the following terms： morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme compound derivation inflection open-class closed-class grammatical word lexical word affix root stem 9. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each. Model: -or suffix: -or meaning: the person or thing performing the action stem type: added to verbs examples: actor, one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc. translator, one who translates 10. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each. Model: a- preffix: a- meaning: “without; not stem type: added to adjectives examples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs” CHAPTER 4: Syntax The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. full of people move towards the window Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. Marie became very ill. He often reads detective stor