英语语言学教程课后整理.doc

What is linguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. Prescriptive Descriptive规定性描写性 (定义、区别) Prescriptive ---- If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar) Descriptive ---- If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Synchronic Diachronic 共时性对历时性（定义） Synchronic study---- description of a language at some point of time in history (modern linguistics) Diachronic study---- description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) Langue Parole (F. de Saussure) 语言对话语 Langue ---- the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole ---- the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions. Competence Performance (Chomsky) 语言能力对语言运用（定义） Competence ---- the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of this language Performance ---- the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. Traditional grammar Modern linguistics 传统语法对现代语言学（区别） Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework Modern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based frameworkThe design features of human language (Charles Hockett) Arbitrariness（任意性）声音和事物之间的关联 Productivity/Creativity（能产性） Duality（双层性） Displacement（移位性） Cultural transmission（文化传承） Phonetics语音学 (定义和分类) Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. Three branches of phonetics（发音语音学，听觉语音学，声学语音学） Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers pr