涂尔干社会学理论介绍 有英文.docx

Religious representations are collective representations which express collective realities;宗教表示法是集体交涉,表达集体现实They are not merely received individually by all the members of this他们。他们不是仅仅收到单独所有成员国这个group; they are something belonging to the group, and they make its unity. The集团;他们是属于组,他们使其团结。这个individuals which compose it feel themselves united to each other by the simple个人感觉自己构成相互联合的简单fact that they have a common faith. A society whose members are united by the事实上,他们有一个共同的信念。一个社会成员的团结fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and its relations事实上,他们认为在同样的方式对于神圣的世界和它的关系with the profane world, and by the fact that they translate these common ideas与世俗世界,是因为他们将这些常见的想法into common practices, is what is called a Church.为常见的实践,就是所谓的教堂。that religion should be an eminently collective thing.宗教应该是一个非常集体的事情。宗教产生原因=======As long as scientific analysis does not come to teach it to them, men来。只要科学分析不来教导他们,男人know well that they are acted upon, but they do no know by whom. So they must很清楚,他们据此采取行动,但他们不知道由谁。所以他们必须invent by themselves the idea of these powers with which they feel themselves in发明自己的想法,这些大国,他们觉得自己connection, and from that, we are able to catch a glimpse of the way by which连接,然后,我们可以瞥见的方式they were led to represent them under forms that are really foreign to their nature他们是领导来代表他们在形式真正外国的性质and to transfigure them by thought.和美化他们的思想。But a god is not merely an authority upon whom we depend; it is a force upon但神并不仅仅是一个权威身上我们依靠;它是一个强加于which our strength relies. The man who has obeyed his god and who for this这是我们的力量。服从他的人神,谁为这个reason, believes the god is with him, approaches the world with confidence and with the feeling of an increased energy.原因,相信神与他,世界有信心和方法与增加能源的感觉For the collective。为集体force is not entirely outside of us; it does not act upon us wholly from without;力量并不完全是我们之外的;它不行动我们完全从没有;but rather, since society cannot exist except in and through individual而是,因为社会不能存在除了和通过个人consciousness, this force must also penetrate us and organize itself with