土木工程专业英语复习指南.doc

Unit 5 第五单元 Structural Analysis 结构分析 A structure consists of（由..组成）a series of connected parts used to support loads. Notable（显著的） examples include buildings, bridges, towers, tanks, and dams. The process（过程）of creating any of these structures requires planning（规划）, analysis, design, and construction（施工）. Structural analysis consists of （包括）a variety of mathematical procedures（数学程序）for determining such quantities as the member forces and various structural displacements（位移） as a structure responds to its loads. Estimating realistic loads for the structure considering（根据）its use and location is often a part of structural analysis. 结构由一系列相连的用以支撑荷载的构件组成。显著的例子包括建筑、桥梁、塔、水箱和大坝等。建造这些结构中的任何一个的过程需要规划、分析、设计和建造。结构分析包括各种各样的数学程序以确定诸如当一个结构对荷载有响应时构件的力和不同结构位移的大小。根据结构的使用和位置来估计它的实际荷载经常是结构分析的一部分。 Only two assumptions are made regarding（关于）the materials used in the structures of this chapter. First, the material has a linear stress-strain relationship（线性的应力-应变关系）. Second, there is no difference in the material behavior when stressed in tension vis-a-vis（与..相比）compression. The frames and trusses studied are plane structural systems（平面结构体系）. It will be assumed that there is adequate bracing perpendicular to（垂直于）the plane so that no member will fail due to an elastic instability（弹性失稳）. The very important consideration regarding such instability will be left for the specific（具体的）design course. All structures are assumed to undergo only small deformations as they are loaded. As a consequence（因此）we assume no change in the position or direction of a force as a result of （由于）structural deflections（变位）. Finally, since linear elastic materials and small displacement are assumed, the principle of superposition will apply in all cases. Thus the displacements or internal forces that arise from two different forces systems applied one at a time（一次一个）may be added algebraically（几何相加）to determine the structure’s response when both system(s) are applied simultaneously.