专业外语结课作业.doc

专业英语结课作业 专业英语作业 第一部分：汉译英 原文： 增加抗弯构件的有效宽度。由于当其他条件不变时能够直接减小扭矩，并以宽度增量的三次幂形式减小变形，因此这一措施非常有效。但是必须保证加宽后的竖向承重构件非常有效地连接。 在设计构件时，尽可能有效地使其加强相互作用力。例如，可以采用具有有效应力状态的弦杆和桁架体系；也可在墙的关键位置加置钢筋；以及最优化钢架的刚度比等措施。 增加最有效的抗弯构件的截面。例如，增加较低层柱以及连接大梁的翼缘截面，将可直接减少侧向位移和增加抗弯能力，而不会加大上层楼面的质量，否则，地震问题将更加严重。 通过设计使大部分竖向荷载，直接作用于主要的抗弯构件。这样通过预压主要的抗倾覆构件，可以使建筑物在倾覆拉力的作用下保持稳定。 通过合理地放置实心墙体及在竖向构件中使用斜撑构件，可以有效地抵抗每层的局部剪力。但仅仅通过竖向构件进行抗剪是不经济的，因为使柱及梁有足够的抗弯能力，比用墙或斜撑需要更多材料和施工工作量。 每层应加设充足的水平隔板。这样就会使各种抗力构件更好地在一起工作，而不是单独工作。 在中间转换层通过大型竖向和水平构件及重楼板形成大框架，或者采用深梁体系。 译文：Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit. Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames . Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated . Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components . The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical memb