英汉对比语言学期末(汇总).docx

英汉对比语言学Unit one:Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the worlds languages.Contrastive linguistics is a?branch?of?linguistics?which?studies?two?or?more?languages?with?the?aims of?discovering?their?differences?and similarities(especially?the?former)?and applying?these?findings? to related?areas?of?study.? A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinking The Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性）2) arbitrariness（任意性）3) duality（双重性）4) displacement （异时异地性）5) productivity （能产性）6) cultural transmission（文化传递性）The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language. 1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence. 2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings. Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions. Unit 2morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up.Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a languages?lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1)?phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, ph