批判性推理入门Critical Reasoning for beginners全笔记.docx

Critical Reasoning for beginnersby Marianne Talbot OxfordLesson 1 How to recognize arguments and What is the nature of argumentsArguments are a set of sentences such that one of them (the conclusion) is being said to be true, and the other(s) (the premises) are being offered as reasons for believing the truth of the one.An argument isnt a set of contradictions. Part of the point of an argument is to move us on from where we are to somewhere a bit further. Arguments lead to deeper thoughts. (from where we are to where we want)An Argument:(one or more) Premises Conclusion (Function)[to prove---reasons] [suppose true]relationship among sentencese.g. Its Friday.Marianne always wears jeans on Friday. Therefore Marianne will wear jeans today.Play attention to suppressed premises（隐藏前提）.context——all sentences may be argument.implication（实质蕴涵）entailment（逻辑蕴涵）Distinguish arguments from(a) sets of sentences not related as arguments (1) arent related at all e.g. The sea is salt. Sydney is in Australia. (2) related but not an argument e.g. Towards lunchtime clouds formed and the sky blackened. Then the storm broke.(b) sentences (assertions) if...then...e.g. If it is snowing, the mail will be late.(implication not entailment) An argument is a set of sentences, one of which is being asserted.An assertion is a single sentence (possibly complex) ,that is being expressed in assertive mode.because may be causal or rational. reason and causecausal relations（因果关系） and rational relations（推理关系）A and B entail C doesnt mean A and B cause C.e.g. Its Friday. (A)Marianne always wears jeans on Friday. (B) Therefore Marianne will wear jeans today. (C)explanation:(1) causal explanation（因果性解释）:e.g. Pawl fell down because he wanted to amuse children.(2) rational explanation（推理性解释）:e.g. Pawl fell down because Jelly pushed him.Facts are what makes sentences true or false. They are not true or false,they just exist or dont exist.Only be