角斗士演讲稿.docx

1．Outline of the gamesSubsidiesLegislation by Claudius required thatquaestors, the lowest rank of Roman magistrate, personallySubsidisetwo-thirds of the costs of games and bigger games were put on by senior magistrates, who could better afford them. The largest and most lavish of all were paid for by the emperor himself.The night beforeThe night before the games, the gladiators were given abanquetand opportunity to order their personal and private affairs; Futrell notes its similarity to a ritualistic last meal.Began withAn official gladiatorial game began withbeast hunts and beast fighting. （图）Before the listed contests were fought, the gladiators may have held informal warm-up matches, using blunted or dummy weapons – some gladiators, however, may have used blunted weapons throughout. The editor or an honoured guest would check the weapons for the scheduled matches. CombatFights were interspersed or accompanied bymusic, perhaps intended to accentuate or follow the action. Music may have heightened the suspense during a gladiators appeal; blows may have been accompanied by trumpet-blasts. The gravestones of several musicians and gladiators mention such modulations.Mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid showed a retiarius named Kalendio who showed surrendering in the upper section fighting a secutor named Astyanax. The ? sign by Kalendios name implies he was killed after surrendering. (图)Duringthe Imperial era, matches were sometimes advertised sine missionewhich means defeated gladiators wouldnever be released from the sentence of death. As the demand for gladiators began to exceed supply, sine missione was officially banned.This pragmatic Augustan decisionreflected popular demands for the so-called natural justice.In most circumstances, a gladiator who fought well was likely to be spared.Decide and awardGenerally speaking, the spectators decidedwhether or not a losing gladiator should be spared, and chose the winner in the rare event of a standing